(Marion H. Edwards)

• For statistical purposes, myopia is ideally expressed as

1. The mean spherical equivalent refractive error False.

2. The mean sphere with the cylinder in minus format False.

3. The mean sphere with the cylinder in plus format False.

4. The mean sphero-cylinder True.

• Non-cycloplegic open-field autorefraction has been shown to

5. Give myopia prevalence figures similar to those obtained from cycloplegic autorefraction False.

6. Give similar prevalence figures to non-cycloplegic retinoscopy False.

7. Give higher myopia prevalence figures than cycloplegic autorefraction True.

8. Give similar myopia prevalence figures irrespective of the operational definition of myopia in use False.

• The incidence of myopia

9. Is the same as the prevalence of myopia False.

10. Is much greater in Chinese children than in Caucasian children True.

11. Can be determined using a cross-sectional study design False.

12. Is about 68 % in Inuit communities False.

• Increases in early onset myopia prevalence

13. Have been associated with increased education in Europe False.

14. Have been reported in Jewish boys attending Jewish Orthodox schools False.

15. Have occurred in Chinese and Japanese in the past 50 years True.

16. Have been reported in workers in certain occupations False.

• Refractive surgery is an example of

17. Myopia correction False.

18. Myopia control False.

19. Myopia treatment False.

20. Myopia reduction True.

• Adult onset myopia:

21. Has been demonstrated in clinical microscopists True.

22. Has been demonstrated in astronomers False.

23. Is usually >1.00D False.

24. Has been extensively studied in Chinese populations False.

(A Brahma)

• Astigmatic refractive error

25. Can only be corrected with incisional surgery False.

26. Using incisional techniques is accurate and predictable False.

27. The effect of incisional surgery is greater nearer the visual axis True.

28. Cannot occur after penetrating keratoplasty False.

• Excimer lasers

29. Are used in photo-refractive keratectomy and LASIK True.

30. Lase in the infra-red range False.

31. Were developed in the early 1900s False.

32. Are less precise in removing tissue than an automated microkeratome False.

• Thermo-keratoplasty

33. Has been only available in the last 10 years False.

34. Is effective if the corneal temperature at the point of application is below 50°C False.

35. Is prone to regression True.

36. Is mainly used for the treatment of astigmatism False.

• Corneal refractive surgery

37. Is a risk-free procedure False.

38. Patients does not need to give informed consent False.

39. Is potentially reversible using intra-stromal implants False.

40. Can be used safely in a wide range of ametropia True.

• Radial keratotomy:

41. Is the method of first choice in the correction of myopia False.

42. Was first popularized by Fyodorov in Russia True.

43. Uses an excimer laser to induce corneal incisions False.

44. Uses a mico-metric diamond knife to create corneal incisions True.

• Intra-stromal corneal implants:

45. Are manufactured from PMMA True.

46. Can correct a myopic refractive error up to -8.00D False.

47. Are inserted into the corneal periphery for the correction of hyperopia False.

48. Once inserted, cannot be removed False.

(E Kowalewski & E Rosen)

• Regarding lens surgery.

49. Removing a cataractous lens carries less risk of surgical complications than Clear Lens Extraction False.

50. Contrast and colour vision are generally enhanced in presbyopes who have undergone Clear Lens Extraction True.

51. It is a suitable way of correcting moderate-high ametropia in presbyopes True.

52. It has as a short stabilisation and rehabilitation period True.

• Regarding clear lens extraction.

53. CLE is a well established surgical technique with minimal risks True.

54. CLE provides additional protection to the myopic eye against the development of retinal detachment by the reduction in myopia False.

55. CLE is a predictable and accurate surgical technique True.

56. CLE can be a suitable method for selected presbyopes and pre-presbyopes True.

• Regarding clear lens extraction to correct ametropia.

57. It is a new technique of the 1990s False.

58. It may involve piggy-back surgery in high hyperopes True.

59. It may be associated with posterior capsular opacification in 60% of cases True.

60. It is best reserved for low degrees of ametropia. False.

• Regarding phakic IOL implantation.

61. They can preserve accommodation False.

62. They can correct higher degrees of ametropia than corneal methods False.

63. They can be more easily reversed than corneal methods False.

64. They give less predictable results than corneal methods True.

• Regarding the advantages of the ICL.

65. The technique involves only a small incision False.

66. It is suitable for all eyes with large refractive errors True.

67. Has a predictable result False.

68. Accommodation can be preserved False.

• Which of the following are: anterior chamber phakic IOLs.

69. The Staar Collamer implantable contact lens False.

70. Intracorneal lens implants False.

71. In-the-bag lenses False.

72. Iris-fixation lenses True.

• Regarding anterior chamber phakic IOLs.

73. They can cause endothelial cell loss True.

74. They can cause low-grade iritis True.

75. They must be accurately centred True.

76. They are used more commonly than posterior chamber phakic IOLs for the correction of refractive errors False.

• Regarding intraocular refractive procedures.

77. The ICL may be suitable for the correction of anisometropia in phakics and pseudophakics True.

78. Phakic IOLs can correct higher refractive errors than corneal methods True.

79. Stabilisation is always shorter with corneal methods than with IOL methods False.

80. Accommodation can be retained with phakic IOLs True.

(Anil Pitalia & Jeff Kwartz)

• Clinically detectable astigmatism:

81. Is present in up to 95% of the population True.

82. Is usually of the irregular variety False.

83. Is usually lenticular in origin False.

84. Is usually asymptomatic above 1.00D False.

85. Its’ effectiveness is increased with increasing distance from the visual axis False.

86. The spherical equivalent is unchanged when there is equal coupling True.

87. The incision is made perpendicular to the axis of the negative cylinder False.

88. The central cornea is steepened False.

• The excimer laser

89. Uses light in the visible spectrum to ablate tissue False.

90. Causes significant thermal effect on tissue False.

91. Is used in LASIK True.

92. Never causes any scarring in the cornea False.

• Surgical correction of astigmatism

93. Must never be performed when it can be corrected with spectacles False.

94. Is indicated when patients wish to be free of spectacles and contact lenses False.

95. May cause a reduction in best corrected visual acuity True.

96. Is an irreversible procedure False.

• In cataract surgery

97. Of the extra-capsular variety, astigmatism is usually insignificant False.

98. Astigmatism can be minimalised by tightly suturing all incisions False.

99. The post-operative astigmatism is usually larger than the pre-operative astigmatism False.

100. By making the incision on the steep positive axis, astigmatism can be reduced True.

• LASIK may be preferred to PRK in the correction of astigmatism because

101. It can be performed without the patients consent False.

102. It is possible to treat children below the age of 10 False.

103. It invokes less of a scarring response True.

104. It is reversible False.

(Jan PG Bergmanson & Alison M. McDermott)

• Which procedure will achieve refractive stability most quickly ?

105. PRK False.

106. LASIK True.

107. RK False.

108. Refractive stability is never achieved with PRK, LASIK or RK False.

• Which of the following is true about LASIK ?

109. Post operative pain is rarely experienced True.

110. The refractive outcome may easily be fine tuned True.

111. In low myopia LASIK outcomes are superior to PRK False.

112. LASIK is the most common refractive procedure in the US True.

• The excimer laser beam provokes all of the following cellular events EXCEPT?

113. Endothelial polymegethism True.

114. Keratocyte death False.

115. New stromal cell invasion False.

116. Infiltration by white blood cells False.

• To avoid corneal ectasia, what is the minimal allowable thickness of the corneal bed in the “410mm Rule”.

117. 100 mm False.

118. 150 mm False.

119. 250 mm True.

120. 410 mm False.

• Which of the following events contributes to chronic corneal haze formation following PRK ?

121. New stromal cell proliferation and activity True.

122. Epithelial hyperplasia False.

123. Inhibition of corneal hydration control False.

124. Chronic inflammation False.

• Which of the following surgical consequences does LASIK share with PRK ?

125. Epithelial trauma True.

126. Destruction of stromal collagen lamellae True.

127. Trauma to nerve fibres True.

128. Preservation of central stromal-epithelial interface False.

(Shehzad Naroo)

• Placido-based topography systems are able to assess

129. Anterior cornea only True.

130. Posterior cornea only False.

131. Anterior and posterior cornea False.

132. Corneal thickness False.

• Placido cones

133. Increase the effect of anatomical features False.

134. Use a longer working distance than Placido discs False.

135. May increase alignment errors True.

136. Only assess the central 3 mm of corneal shape False.

• The normalised scale on a corneal topography map

137. Only uses ‘cold’ colours False.

138. Is more sensitive to subtle changes True

139. Only measures the steep corneal areas False.

140. Has the same range for every topography map False.

• Regular astigmatism would appear on a topography map

141. As an asymmetric bowtie False.

142. As a symmetric bowtie True.

143. As a round pattern False.

144. As an oval pattern False.

• Orbscan topography allows measurement of

145. Lens thickness False.

146. Anterior cornea only False.

147. Posterior cornea only False.

148. Anterior and posterior cornea True.

• On the history of corneal measurement:

149. Placido described the first keratoscope False.

150. Quantification of keratoscope images was undertaken first by Hans Goldmann False.

151. Attempts to measure the cornea were undertaken by Scheiner, early in the seventeenth century True.

152. Modern computer-assisted video-photokeratoscopes were developed to permit cell densities to be mapped across the corneal endothelial surface False.

• The eyes visual acuity is not dependent upon

153. Pupil size False.

154. Spherical aberration False.

155. Chromatic aberration False.

156. Corneal refractive index True.

• The diffraction limited optical performance of the eye is set by

157. Axial length False.

158. Pupil diameter True.

159. The refractive error False.

160. Spherical aberration False.

• The benfits of 'aberration correction' with an excimer laser will

161. At best be only minor under natural viewing conditions True.

162. Will be independent of pupil size False.

163. Will lead to super acuities of better than 6/3 False.

164. Will be independent of wavelength False.

• Monochromatic waveform aberrations can be measured with a

165. Liquid crystal modulator False.

166. Adaptive mirror False.

167. Excimer laser False.

168. Hartman-Shack sensor True.

• Monochromatic aberrations dependent on

169. Viewing distance True.

170. Age True.

171. Atate of accommodation True.

172. Background illumination False.

• Longitudinal chromatic aberration

173. Has a magnitude of less than 1D across the full visible spectrum False.

174. Shows considerable individual variation False.

175. Is reduced at the fovea by the macular pigment True.

176. Can be corrected with laser surgery False.