Latex allergy has become increasingly common over the last decade, largely as a result of the introduction of “universal precautions” to prevent virus transmission. Type I immediate hypersensitivity reactions, due to specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) directed against natural proteins found in rubber, cause symptoms such as urticaria, rhino-conjunctivitis, asthma and, most seriously, anaphylaxis. Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reactions, due to T cells sensitised to the chemicals added to rubber during manufacturing, cause allergic contact dermatitis. Individuals who have repeated exposure to latex, particularly mucosal exposure, are at increased risk of sensitisation. Thus health care workers and patients with meningo-myelocele (“spina bifida”) or congenital urological abnormalities are especially likely to become sensitised. SIgE to natural latex proteins may cross-react with proteins found in various foods. Diagnosis of latex allergy is by clinical history and detection of sIgE in vivo (skin prick testing [SPT]) or in vitro for Type I hypersensitivity, or detection of sensitised T cells by patch testing for Type IV hypersensitivity. Preventative measures consist of avoidance of sensitisation in high-risk groups and avoidance of exposure for patients who are already sensitised. Specific safety measures should be discussed with patients who have established Type I hypersensitivity.